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Autoimmune oophoritis
Autoimmune oophoritis is a rare cause of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). It happens when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the ovaries causing inflammation, atrophy and fibrosis. These changes stop the ovaries from working normally. The main symptoms of autoimmune oophorotis are irregular or absent menstrual period (amenorrhea) and symptoms related to ovarian cysts such…
Gliomatosis cerebri
Gliomatosis cerebri is a type of malignant (cancerous) brain tumor called a glioblastoma that develops from a specific type of brain cell called an astrocyte.[1] It involves at least three sections (lobes) within the main part of the brain (cerebrum). It may also affect both sides of the cerebrum as well as the nerve cells…
Thrombocytopathy asplenia miosis
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 3204 Definition Stormorken-Sjaastad-Langslet syndrome is characterized by thrombocytopathy, asplenia, miosis, muscle fatigue, migraine, dyslexia, and ichthyosis. It has been described in six members of one family. It is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Visit…
Hypospadias-intellectual disability, Goldblatt type syndrome
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 2261 Definition Hypospasdias ? intellectual deficit, Goldblatt type is a very rare multiple congenital anomalies syndrome described in three brothers of one South-African family, and characterized by hypospadias and intellectual deficit, in association with mirocephaly,…
Growth hormone insensitivity with immunodeficiency
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 181393 Definition Growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (GHIS) is a group of diseases characterized by marked short stature associated with normal or elevated growth hormone (GH) concentrations, which fail to respond to exogenous GH administration. GHIS…
Palindromic rheumatism
Palindromic rheumatism (PR) is a type of recurrent arthritis characterized by episodes or “attacks” of joint inflammation, sequentially affecting one to several joint areas for hours to days.[1][2] A PR attack often occurs suddenly without any obvious triggers or warning symptoms. Any joint(s) may be affected, but finger joints, wrists, and knees are most commonly…
Undifferentiated connective tissue disease
Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) is an autoimmune disease that can affect several systems in the body. Connective tissue disease (CTD) is classified as undifferentiated CTD when signs and symptoms are consistent with a CTD, but do not fulfill the diagnostic or classification criteria for one of the previously defined CTDs (for example, rheumatoid arthritis or lupus).[1]…
Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is an inherited condition that affects many parts of the body. People with this syndrome have progressive visual impairment due to cone-rod dystrophy; extra fingers or toes (polydactyly); truncal obesity; decreased function of the male gonads (hypogonadism); kidney abnormalities; and learning difficulties.[1] Mutations in many genes are known to cause Bardet-Biedl syndrome and inheritance is…
Hereditary sensorimotor neuropathy with hyperelastic skin
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 280598 Definition Hereditary sensorimotor neuropathy with hyperelastic skin is a rare, genetic, demyelinating hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy disorder characterized by slowly progressive, mild to moderate, distal muscle weakness and atrophy of the upper and…
Waardenburg syndrome type 1
Waardenburg syndrome type 1 is a genetic condition characterized by eyes that appear widely spaced, congenital hearing loss, and patchy pigment disturbances of the iris, hair and skin.[1][2] Mutations in the PAX3 gene cause the symptoms observed in this condition.[1] Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.[2] Waardenburg syndrome type 1 is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.[1][2]
Biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease
Biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease is a rare condition that affects the brain and other parts of the nervous system. The severity of the condition and the associated signs and symptoms vary from person to person, even within the same family. Without early diagnosis and treatment, most affected people develop features of the condition between ages…
X-linked intellectual disability, Turner type
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 85328 Definition X-linked intellectual disability, Turner type is characterised by moderate to severe intellectual deficit in boys and moderate intellectual deficit in girls. It has been described in 14 members from four generations of one…
Glycoprotein VI deficiency
Glycoprotein VI deficiency is a rare condition that decreases the body’s ability to form blood clots. As a result, affected people may experience frequent nosebleeds and abnormally heavy or prolonged bleeding following minor injury or surgery. Women with the condition often have heavy or prolonged menstrual periods. Glycoprotein VI deficiency can be caused by changes…
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a heart condition present from birth (congenital heart defect). In HLHS, the heart’s left side (including the aorta, aortic valve, left ventricle and mitral valve) is underdeveloped.[1] At birth, oxygen-rich blood bypasses the underdeveloped left side of the heart, going through openings between the left and right side that…
Cryptomicrotia brachydactyly syndrome
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 1547 Definition Cryptomicrotia brachydactyly excess fingertip arch syndrome describes a combination of malformations that include bilateral cryptomicrotia, brachytelomesophalangy with short middle and distal phalanges of digits 2 through 5, hypoplastic toenails and excess fingertip arch…
Hypertryptophanemia
Hypertryptophanemia is a rare condition that likely occurs due to abnormalities in the body’s ability to process the amino acid (a building block of proteins), tryptophan. People affected by this condition may experience intellectual disability and behavioral problems (i.e. periodic mood swings, exaggerated emotional responses and abnormal sexual behavior).[1][2][3] The underlying genetic cause of hypertryptophanemia…
Fallot complex with severe mental and growth retardation
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 3304 Definition Fallot complex intellectual deficit growth delay is a rare disorder characterized by tetralogy of Fallot, minor facial anomalies, and severe intellectual deficiency and growth delay. Epidemiology To date, five patients have been reported…
Bothriocephalosis
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 128 Definition Bothriocephalosis is a mammalian cosmopolitan intestinal parasitosis. In addition to non-specific digestive problems (nausea, abdominal pain, lack of appetite), bothriocephalosis provokes an anaemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency that resembles Biermer anaemia (anaemia…
Insulin-like growth factor 1 resistance to
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 73273 Definition Growth delay due to IGF-I resistance is characterised by variable intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation and elevated serum IGF-I levels. Addition features include variable degrees of intellectual deficit, microcephaly and dysmorphism (broad nasal…
Intellectual disability-spasticity-ectrodactyly syndrome
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 1891 Definition Intellectual disabilityspasticity-ectrodactyly syndrome is a rare intellectual disability syndrome characterized by severe intellectual disability, spastic paraplegia (with wasting of the lower limbs) and distal transverse defects of the limbs (e.g. ectrodactyly, syndactyly, clinodactyly…
IRF6-Related disorders
IRF6-related disorders include two different disorders caused by abnormalities in the interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) gene. Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) is at the mild end of the spectrum and popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS) is at the severe end of the spectrum. The symptoms of IRF6-related disorders vary greatly from case to case. People with…
Genoa syndrome
Genoa syndrome is a rare condition that primarily affects the brain and skull. Babies with this condition are generally born with semilobar holoprosencephaly, a disorder caused by failure of the developing brain to sufficiently divide into the double lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. They later develop craniosynostosis (the premature closure of one or more of…
Nasodigitoacoustic syndrome
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 2662 Definition A rare multiple congenital anomalies syndrome characterized by facial dysmorphism (hypertelorism, broad and high nasal bridge, depressed nasal ridge, short columella, underdeveloped maxilla, and prominent cupid-bow upper lip vermillion), mild to severe congenital…
Klinefelter syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a condition that occurs in males when they have an extra X chromosome. Some males with KS have no obvious signs or symptoms while others may have varying degrees of cognitive, social, behavioral, and learning difficulties. Adults with Klinefelter syndrome may also have primary hypogonadism (decreased testosterone production), small and/or undescendent…
MAN1B1-CDG
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 397941 Definition MAN1B1-CDG is a form of congenital disorders of N-linked glycosylation characterized by intellectual disability, delayed motor development, hypotonia and truncal obesity. Additional features include slight facial dysmorphism (hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, large, low-set…
Cardiomyopathy dilated with woolly hair and keratoderma
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 65282 Definition A syndrome that is characterized by woolly hair, palmoplantar keratoderma and dilated cardiomyopathy principally affecting the left ventricle. Epidemiology Only a few cases have been reported, all involving patients from Ecuador, India or…
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 10
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 10 (CLN10 disease) is a type of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a group of severe diseases that affect the nervous system. Signs and symptoms of CLN10 usually appear soon after birth. They may include muscle stiffness, respiratory failure, and seizures that last several minutes (status epilepticus). Infants with CLN10 disease have a small brain and…
Lissencephaly 2
Lissencephaly 2 is an inherited condition characterized by classical lissencephaly in association with certain abnormalities of the skull and facial (craniofacial) region, such as a low, sloping forehead; abnormal prominence of the back portion of the head (occiput); a broad, prominent nasal bridge; and widely set eyes (ocular hypertelorism). Additional symptoms and findings typically include severe…
Long QT syndrome
Long QT syndrome is a disorder of the heart’s electrical activity that can cause sudden, uncontrollable, and irregular heartbeats (arrhythmia), which may lead to sudden death. Long QT syndrome can be detected by electrocardiogram (EKG). It can be caused by a variety of different gene mutations (changes). It can also be acquired (noninherited) and may be brought on by…
Steroid dehydrogenase deficiency dental anomalies
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Cerebellar hypoplasia with endosteal sclerosis
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 85186 Definition Endosteal sclerosis-cerebellar hypoplasia syndrome is characterized by congenital cerebellar hypoplasia, endosteal sclerosis, hypotonia, ataxia, mild to moderate developmental delay, short stature, hip dislocation, and tooth eruption disturbances. It has been described in four…
Paget disease of the breast
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 180275 Definition Paget disease of the nipple describes a rare presentation of breast cancer, seen most frequently in women aged 50-60, manifesting with nipple drainage and itching, erythema, crusty and excoriated nipple, thickened plaques, and…
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4B2
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4B2 (CMT4B2) is a disorder that affects the peripheral nerves. Peripheral nerves connect the brain and spinal cord to muscles and to sensory cells that detect sensations such as touch, pain, heat, and sound. Damage to the peripheral nerves can result in loss of sensation and wasting (atrophy) of muscles in the…
McDonough syndrome
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 2471 Definition McDonough syndrome is a rare, multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by facial dysmorphsim (prominent superciliary arcs, synophrys, strabismus, large, anteverted ears, large nose, malocclusion of teeth), delayed psychomotor development, intellectual disability and congenital…
Childhood encephalopathy due to thiamine pyrophosphokinase deficiency
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 293955 Definition Childhood encephalopathy due to thiamine pyrophosphokinase deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism disorder characterized by early-onset, acute, encephalopathic episodes (frequently triggered by viral infections), associated with lactic acidosis and alpha-ketoglutaric aciduria,…
Metachondromatosis
Metachondromatosis (MC) is a rare bone disorder characterized by the presence of both multiple enchondromas and osteochondroma-like lesions. The first signs occur during the first decade of life. Osteochondromas most commonly occur in the hands and feet (predominantly in digits and toes), and enchondromas involve the iliac crests and metaphyses of long bones. The lesions…
Chromosome 10q deletion
Chromosome 10q deletion is a chromosome abnormality that occurs when there is a missing copy of the genetic material located on the long arm (q) of chromosome 10. The severity of the condition and the signs and symptoms depend on the size and location of the deletion and which genes are involved. Features that often…
Chromosome 13q duplication
Chromosome 13q duplication is a chromosome abnormality that occurs when there is an extra (duplicated) copy of genetic material on the long arm (q) of chromosome 13. The severity of the condition and the signs and symptoms depend on the size and location of the duplication and which genes are involved. Features that often occur in…
Moebius axonal neuropathy hypogonadism
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Myxoid liposarcoma
Myxoid liposarcoma is a subtype of liposarcoma, tumors that arise in the body’s fat tissue. Other categories of liposarcoma include well-differentiated; dedifferentiated; round cell; and pleomorphic.[1] Round cell and myxoid liposarcomas are sometimes grouped together into one category known as myxoid/round cell liposarcoma (MRCLS).[2] In adults, liposarcomas are the most common type of soft tissue…
Chromosome 5p deletion
Chromosome 5p deletion is a chromosome abnormality that occurs when there is a missing (deleted) copy of genetic material on the short arm (p) of chromosome 5. The severity of the condition and the signs and symptoms depend on the size and location of the deletion and which genes are involved. Features that often occur…
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a condition characterized by too little blood returning to the heart when moving from a lying down to a standing up position (orthostatic intolerance). Orthostatic Intolerance causes lightheadedness or fainting that can be eased by lying back down. In people with POTS, these symptoms are also accompanied by a…
Neuroacanthocytosis
Neuroacanthocytosis (NA) refers to a group of genetic disorders that are characterized by misshapen, spiny red blood cells (acanthocytosis) and neurological abnormalities, especially movement disorders.[1] The onset, severity and specific physical findings vary depending upon the specific type of NA present.[1] Signs and symptoms usually include chorea (involuntary, dance-like movements), involuntary movements of the face and tongue, progressive…
Cold-induced sweating syndrome
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 157820 Definition Cold-induced sweating syndrome (CISS) is characterized by profuse sweating (involving the chest, face, arms and trunk) induced by cold ambient temperature. Epidemiology So far, six cases have been reported of Norwegian, Israeli and…
Talipes equinovarus
Talipes equinovarus is a congenital (present from birth) condition where the foot turns inward and downward. The cause of this condition is not known, although it may be passed down through families in some cases. This condition occurs in about 1 out of every 1,000 births. Treatment may involve moving the foot into the correct…
Oligomeganephronic renal hypoplasia
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 2260 Definition Oligomeganephronia is a developmental anomaly of the kidneys, and the most severe form of renal hypoplasia (see this term), characterized by a reduction of 80% in nephron number and a marked hypertrophy of…
Cogan-Reese syndrome
Cogan-Reese syndrome is one type of Iridocorneal Endothelial (ICE) syndrome. The ICE syndromes predominantly affect Caucasian, young to middle-aged women, and involve one eye. While there have been some cases of Cogan-Reese syndrome reported in children, the disease is typically observed in females in the mid-adult years. [1] In one study of 71 patients with ICE…
Colpocephaly
Colpocephaly is a congenital brain abnormality in which the occipital horns the posterior or rear portion of the lateral ventricles (cavities) of the brain are larger than normal because white matter in the posterior cerebrum has failed to develop or thicken.[1]
Otoonychoperoneal syndrome
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Condensing osteitis of the clavicle
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Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with Streptococcus infections
Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with Streptococcus infections (PANDAS) is a neurological and psychiatric condition in which symptoms are brought on or worsened by a Streptococcal (strep) infection. PANDAS is a subtype of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS). Signs and symptoms of PANDAS align with current guidelines for diagnosing PANDAS, and include:[1] The presence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and/or tics (uncontrolled,…
1q duplications
Chromosome 1q duplications are chromosome abnormalies that occurs when there is an extra copy of genetic material on the long arm (q) of chromosome 1. The severity of the condition and the signs and symptoms depend on the size and location of the duplication and which genes are involved. Features that may occur in people with chromosome…
Multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 280633 Definition A rare, genetic, multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by severe global developmental delay, hypotonia, and early-onset seizures, associated with multiple congenital anomalies, such as cardiac (e.g. patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, patent…
Congenital microcoria
Congenital microcoria is a rare eye disorder affecting the development of the irises. It is characterized by absence or incomplete development of the iris dilator muscles (also called the pupil dilator muscles), making the pupils unable to dilate (widen).[1] People with congenital microcoria have small pupils (with a diameter less than 2 millimeters) that dilate…
Fibrillary glomerulonephritis
Fibrillary glomerulonephritis is an uncommon cause of glomerular disease. A more rare disorder known as immunotactoid glomerulpathy is a very similar condition. Both disorders probably result from deposits derived from immunoglobulins but in most cases the cause is idiopathic (unknown). The diagnosis is made with a kidney biopsy and by electron microscopy. Fibrillary glomerulonephritis and immunotactoid glomerulopathy can be differentiated…
Hunter-McAlpine syndrome
Hunter-McAlpine syndrome is a very rare condition characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, and small head size (microcephaly). Sometimes the microcephaly results from early closure of the bones in the skull, which is called craniosynostosis. This can cause a misshapen skull and is common in individuals with Hunter-McAlpine syndrome; in fact another name for the…
Hamanishi Ueba Tsuji syndrome
The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 2926 Definition Digital extensor muscle aplasia-polyneuropathy is a rare, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy characterized by flexion deformities of the thumb and fingers, sensory deficit in the hand and polyneuropathic electrophysiologic findings in the limbs….
Hypothalamic hamartomas
Hypothalamic hamartomas (HH) are rare, tumor-like malformations that occur during fetal development and are present at birth. The lesions usually do not change in size or spread to other locations. Both the type and severity of symptoms vary greatly among patients with hypothalamic hamartomas.[1] Common symptoms include frequent gelastic seizures (spontaneous laughing, giggling and/or smirking)…
Kyphoscoliotic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Kyphoscoliotic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is an inherited connective tissue disorder that is caused by defects in a protein called collagen. Common signs and symptoms include hyperextensible skin that is fragile and bruises easily; joint hypermobility; severe hypotonia at birth; progressive kyphoscoliosis (kyphosis and scoliosis); and fragility of the sclera.[1][2] kyphoscoliosis EDS is caused by changes (mutations) in…
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